Rhoticity makes you sound more fluent? From a former non-rhotician

I was reading this: http://www.antimoon.com/forum/t13547-0.htm

It was so interesting I just couldn't stop.

Since I can't post my comments there, I will answer the question here, then.

I used to sound non-rhotic, but now I'm more rhotic. I'm a Japanese person teaching English in Taiwan. My original accent was non-rhotic, because Japanese English is essentially non-rhotic, and I was taught British English. Most of my friends when I lived in northeastern England were from Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong, all of whom were non-rhotic (unless they were faking an American accent or something).

But I went rhotic after I came to Taiwan. There are several reasons to that. First, in Taiwan, rhotic seems to be the prestige accent. I once saw a book that taught KK音標, and it said you should pronounce the rolled /r/ because it will make you sound more 溜. (Actually, this is one of the reasons why many non-rhotic foreigners think Taiwanese people sound caricature American.) People thought my accent was 不標準 when they heard my non-rhotic English and concluded it was because I was Japanese, not because I was trying to sound British. Third, Jennifer Jenkins said rhotic was more intelligible in lingua franca communication. I guess that's true, because we Asians generally learn how to spell English words before we learn how to pronounce them. It seems more "logical" to me to insert an r sound when there is an r in spelling. And in RP, there is the inconsistency of having to pronounce the r when the next word starts with a vowel. Lastly, I lived in the Philippines for almost three years and have lots of Filipino friends. In the Philippines, people, especially those with lower English proficiency, have difficulty understanding you if you sound non-rhotic, perhaps because you sound so different from the way they are taught what English words sound like.

I do sound a lot more non-native when I sound rhotic (maybe because it was in the Philippines that I learned to sound rhotic), but my students seem to understand me much better when I sound rhotic. This is probably because they're familiar with what I call the "KK音標-inspired accent". And it doesn't matter if I sound non-native, not least because they thought I sounded non-native even back when I was trying to sound as British as possible in class, probably because of my Asian face and Japanese surname. (Besides, we all know that native speakers are only a minority of English speakers.)

I have noticed, though, I subconsciously switch back to non-rhotic in several situations. First, when I'm having very relaxed conversations with, say, my wife, I turn non-rhotic, because that's my original accent in the first place. I also turn non-rhotic when I have to "impress" someone with my "high class" British accent, especially when I have to talk to a teacher who, I feel, looks down on me because of my non-nativeness. (Isn't this the use of Bourdieu's "linguistic asset"?) Also, I tend to suddenly turn non-rhotic when talking to a non-rhotic interlocutor, for example, a Briton, perhaps as accommodation strategy. I sometimes notice that I’m speaking non-rhotic when conversing with other rhotic native speakers or fluent L2 speakers, probably because I know that they have high proficiency and subconsciously think that they shouldn’t have any problem deciphering me.

Consequently, the best place to hear me sounding rhotic is classrooms.

The dilemma is: I sound rhotic because I think students can understand me more easily; but students may think my English is limited because I sound more non-native when I’m rhotic.

One solution would be for me to pick up a native-like American accent. But I really can’t imagine myself doing that. I used to dislike my classmates who had an American accent and used to label them as fake Americans. And I don’t want to be a target of a terrorist attack when visiting some Islamic countries. 

Ode to "non-native" Englishes

We are not native speakers of English. So we don't sound like one. And we most likely never will, if we don't sound like one by now. But that's OK. There's no need.

There are more non-native speakers in the world than there are native speakers. So we are more likely to be using English with other non-native speakers than with native speakers (unless you immigrate to the US or get a job at the British Embassy or something). It is certainly the case with me. Few of my friends with whom I use English are native speakers (except my colleagues at school). I attend an international church where English is the practically the only language used, but very few in the congregation are native speakers of English. They seem to understand my Japan English without much difficulty.

It is probably not true that native-speaker varieties of English are the most widely understood. There are quite a few studies which found out that native-speaker varieties were actually harder to be understood in international communication. And I have attended many international conferences and meetings where native speakers were the only ones having trouble understanding and being understood. It's not hard to guess why. Many of them are so used to speaking in English that they speak so fast, and they don't enunciate clearly. And they use many local idioms and slangs that may be common in their own countries, but not outside. Some of them probably put the blame for communication breakdowns on the fact that our English is "not up to the standard". We know from studies that such an attitude interferes negatively with one's ability to understand.

Aside from being understood more easily in international communication, there are other benefits to sounding non-native. I feel more comfortable and psychologically stable when people can tell from my accent my cultural background. This way, I don't have to try to pretend to be someone else. It is tiring to sound like a native speaker. It is even worse sometimes even imitating native speakers' mannerisms, facial expressions, etc. (I think many fellow non-native teachers agree with me.) It is a futile effort. And it makes me feel stupid. Besides making me feel as if I was a copycat monkey (物まね小猿) in the English-speakingdom, it actually does make me sound more stupid, because I can't pay much attention to contents, grammar and lexis when I have to pay so much attention to native-like pronunciation.

Another thing is that it is dangerous nowadays to be mistaken as a native speakers of English in certain countries, especially in the Middle East, etc. But this is a sensitive issue, so I won't talk about it here then.

OK, so if we don't need to try to sound like a native speaker, how can we raise our success rate in international communication with other non-natives? Here are my thoughts.

From my experience, it is important to pronounce the words clearly. You should almost sound like "spelling pronunciation". This will certainly slow down your speech. You will also sound less "native-like" and more "foreign" to native ears. But that doesn't matter. People from different countries will understand you better.

Studies found that "syllable-timed" accents were easier to understand for non-native speakers. Syllable-timing means you give almost equal stress to every syllable in a word. So you sound like "cohn-grah-choo-lay-shee-ons" when you say "congratulations". Many proficient non-native speakers of English have syllable-timing. Yet, syllable-timing is one thing that will make you sound definitely non-native. You may feel you are less "cool" when you sound less like an American. But you have to realize that you will never sound completely like an American no matter how hard you try anyway. (Unless you have some special talent, that is. And if you do, you should perhaps consider becoming an actor.)

I think one of the reasons why "spelling pronunciation" or "syllable-timed" accents are easier to understand is because, especially here in East Asia, we learn how to spell and read English before we learn how to speak it (if we ever do)! When I was learning English as a young student, I always felt frustrated that English words never sounded like how they are spelt when pronounced by native speakers.

Another important thing is more of a psychological factor. It is called accommodation. It means you have to accept that people have different accents, and be willing to try hard to understand people with "unusual" or unfamiliar accents. This can happen only if people are constantly exposed to people with many different accents. The opposite happens when people are exposed only to limited varieties of accents. For example, many Taiwanese students are familiar only with a kind of American accent. So they may mistakenly think that is the only "standard" accent of English. And when they come across someone with a different accent, they naturally find it difficult to understand. This is usually because they subconsciously blame the other person for not having what they think is the "standard" accent. This causes them to give up efforts to understand too easily. The problem can be solved easily by constantly exposing learners to different accents.

It is encouraging to know that in many countries, like the Philippines, people are "functionally native" in English. It means that they use English among their own countrymen in certain domains. Even though the way they use English may be different from that of, say, Americans, and occasionally get laughed at for that, it nevertheless functions perfectly well as a lingua franca in those domains.

I often use English with my fellow East Asians including Koreans and Vietnamese, because it is often the only language we have in common. And it is very helpful that they find my Japanese rhetorical style and cultural references very similar to their own. The communication would be much more problematic if I spoke with an impeccable British/American English. Well, Asian Englishes is another topic so I will write about it some other time, then.

イラン人経営の牛肉麺店。

吉林路周辺で、もうひとつ有名なのは、イラン人経営の牛肉麺です。

Beef noodle shop owned by an Iranian is another famous eatery in Jilin Road area.

西域のスパイスを使用しているそうで、さすがに見た目は大陸の蘭州ラーメンっぽかったです。

They said they used Persian spices. At least it looks like Lanzhou Lamian.

でも、スパイスが苦手な台湾人の好みを考慮してか、スパイスはだいぶ控えめだったです。

But, upon tasting, it was much less exotic than, say, Lanzhou Lamian in Carrefour.

蘭州拉麵のほうが、よっぽど西域っぽい。

They probably adjusted the spiciness to adopt to the Taiwanese tastebuds.

麺は極細の小麦麺で、これまた拉麵っぽかった。麺はおいしかったです。

Noodles were very fine white flour noodles. Yummy.

外省風と台湾風の2種類の泡菜があって、僕が食べたのは台式でしたが、おいしかったです。

I tried the Taiwanese-style paocai which was also good.

あの界隈では珍しく、ちょっと高級チックな内装で、落ち着いて食事ができました。

The place has a better deco than most other places in Jilin Road area. Good atmosphere.

教堂米粉湯。

吉林路の天主教会の付近は、いろんな屋台があって、ミニ夜市の様相。

There are many hawkers around the Catholic Church on Jilin Street. It's almost like a night market.

24時間営業の「教会ビーフンスープ」は、有名な割にはそれほどおいしくはなかったです。

The "church beehoon soup" is supposed to be famous, but wasn't that good.

あの辺で食事している人は、なぜかタクシーの運転手が多い。そういう人のことを台湾語で「うんちゃん」といいます。

Many taxi drivers are having meals in that area. I don't know why...

阿財魚翅肉羹にはふかひれも肉もなし。乾きビーフンは湿ってる。

Today is Good Friday, so it's fast and abstinence.

So I don't want to be writing about food. But if i don't do it now, I may never have a chance to do it, as is usually the case.

台北の吉林路は知られざるグルメエリアだよ。

車の修理工場とか多くて、外地人が集まっているから、外食が発達したのかもね。

それも南部っぽい小吃とか多い。

ふかひれスープといっても、のりがふかひれみたいに糸状になってるだけで、ふかひれは入ってないから大丈夫。

There's no shark fin in this shark fin soup. Shredded seaweed (or something like that) just looks like shark fin. And the "meat soup" is not a soup, and contains no or very little meat. It's something made of mushed fish paste.

また、肉羹というのは、魚のすり身で作った、東京でいうさつま揚げみたいなやつ。（大阪でははんぺん、九州ではてんぷらというらしい。東京のはんぺんとてんぷらとは違うよ。）

今回は、乾きビーフンをマッチしてみました。

乾きというのは、スープに入ってないというだけで、実際にはいろんなたれがかかっていて湿っているよ。

写真とってたら、固まって、かき混ぜられなくなってしまった。

それを見た店員が、スープを入れてくれたので、半スープビーフンみたいになってしまったよ。

I still don't understand why the shop is called "A-chair"...

あ、阿財か。

Partnership Center: マニラでおすすめの宿 馬尼拉推薦住宿

I wrote about this place before, I will do it one more time.

Phildhrra Partnership Center near Ateneo de Manila University in Quezon City is the place I stay whenever I come to the Philippines.

前にも書いたのですが、Phildhrra Partnership Centerが僕のマニラでの定宿です。

ケソンシティのアテネオ大学の付近にあります。

以前也寫過了，我想再度推薦Phildhrra Partnership Center. 它位於葵松市（奎松市）馬尼拉亞典耀大學附近。我每次來馬尼拉都固定住這裡。

Manila is not known for being the safest city in Asia, but the Center is located within a walled subdivision, so it is generally safe and quiet.

マニラは安全な街とは言いがたいけど、この場所はガードマンがいる検問所がある住宅地の中なので、とても静かで、外側の宿泊施設より断然安全です。

雖然馬尼拉並不能說是一座安全的城市，但這個地方是被圍起來的社區之內，所以比起外面的設施安全很多，而且很安靜。

Its staff members are friendly and helpful. They sometimes really go out of their way to accommodate your needs. True hospitality, I would say.

スタッフはとてもフレンドリーで、無理な頼みでも聞いてくれます。仕事というより、客に親切にすることを楽しんでいる感じです。

這裡的員工很親切。他們的態度不只是把招待當作工作來做，而是做得樂在其中。

The rooms are simple but clean. All rooms are equipped with air-conditioning, cable TV and shower facilities. They have single, twin and dormitory type rooms.

部屋は質素ですが、とても清潔で、毎日掃除してくれます。テレビ、冷房、シャワーが完備しています。シングル、ツインとドミトリーの部屋があります。

房間雖然簡單，但是很乾淨，而且每天都有清潔。備有電視，冷氣和沐浴設備。有單人房，雙人房和宿舍型房間。

They serve breakfast, lunch and snacks daily from Monday to Friday. Kitchen staff Bong and Elsa prepare good food that's really better than any outside food for better prices. During weekends, you will have to go to nearby Katipunan for meals, which is good for a change.

朝昼食と午後のおやつが出ます（別料金）。スタッフのボンさんとエルサおばさんが作る料理はとてもおいしいし、安いです。土日は休みですが、すぐそばのカティプナン通りにレストランがいっぱいあります。


供應早午餐和下午點心。員工Kuya Bong和Ate Elsa準備的食物很好吃，而且便宜。週六日休息，可是附近有不少家餐廳，所以無煩惱。

The rates are competitive, compared with similar facilities nearby. Special rates apply for longer stay. You can inquire the details.

料金は近所の似通った施設よりは安いです。長期滞在には割引があるみたいです。

費用比附近幾家類似的地方便宜。長期住客另有折扣。

So if you are planning a trip to Manila, I recommend you to look into making the Phildhrra Partnership Center your home away from home, which you can do from this website:
http://partnershipcenter.webnode.com/

マニラへ起こしの際は、ぜひPhldhrra Partnership Centerにご宿泊ください。お問い合わせはこちらから：
http://partnershipcenter.webnode.com/

如果打算到馬尼拉旅遊，不妨考慮把Phildhrra Partnership Center當作您第二個家。要訂房可上他們的官方網站：
http://partnershipcenter.webnode.com/

Adoration Chapel in SM MegaMall

The new wing of SM MegaMall. It just keeps expanding! Incredible!

The Chapel of the Eucharistic Lord and the Adoration Chapel on the top floor.

There was a big crowd so there were security guards on duty.

The big chapel was packed because the mass was about to begin.

There are seven masses a day. Chinese mass at 10am!

The perpetual adoration chapel was very quiet and comfortable.

What a difference from the rest of the mall!

Of course, after adoring the Most Blessed Sacrament, you can enjoy shopping in such shops...

A big crowd of people came to have merienda after mass. I had Halo-halo Fiesta in a crepe!

It had caramel bananas, leche flan, ube and nagka ice cream, etc. in it.

The merienda was too filling, so I had a light supper at Chowking...

Lazhou hand-pulled noodles in SM MegaMall

I took a tricycle, LRT and then MRT to get to SM MegaMall in Ortigas. Very convenient!

The main purpose is to visit "Mey-lin Lanzhou Pot & Noodle House", but another thing that interested me was Pepper Lunch.

But it was under renovation. Sayang!

MegaMall is huge. So I asked at the information counter where the Noodle House was. They showed me the directory.

"Lanzhou?" No.

"Mey-Lin?" Nope.

It was not listed.

So I looked through all the Chinese restaurants. "Pot & Noodle House?" Sounds more like it.

Sure enough, it was Lanzhou hand-pulled noodles. It is in the middle of art gallery area on the 4th floor of A-block.

Appropriate for appreciating the art of lamian.

The menu was rather Taiwan-conscious...

蚵仔麵線? 台南擔仔麵? You wouldn't get those things at mainland style noodle houses in Taiwan.

I ordered "8 Treasure Noodles (八寶炸醬麵)"

It was Taiwan style!

Very satisfactory... \(^^)/

Not the northern Chinese style that you get at Lanzhou Lamian in Binondo.

I think the main difference is that Taiwanese 豆瓣醬 is made of soy beans unlike that in mainland China that is made of 蚕豆.

So Taiwanese 炸醬 tastes sweeter, just like Japanese 八丁味曾!

Also, they seldom put dried tofu cubes in 炸醬 in China. But it is a must in Taiwan!

Pronunciation is not that important

In Taiwan, people pay too much attention to pronunciation when learning a foreign language. Often, people who have “native-like” American accents are considered good teachers. It sometimes even seems they consider accent more important than grammar and vocabulary, or even content! As is often the case, those who have “impeccable” native-like accents are those who started in their early childhood. Because they learned English before their cognitive skills have fully developed, if you transcribe what they are saying, you might notice that their grammar and vocabulary are quite “non-native-like”. Worse still, teachers are often hired solely on the basis of their native-like accent, without taking into consideration proficiency in other respects.

But the reality is, accent and pronunciation are not that important when it come to English. English is a language used mainly for international communication. The main purpose of learning English today is not to communicate with its native speakers. If communicating with native speakers was the sole purpose, as would be the case for learning, say, German or Japanese, it does make sense to try to sound as closely as possible to the native speaker. But if the purpose is to communicate with other second language speakers of English, the target would be to be able to communicate as successfully as possible, and not how native-like you can sound with lots of “道地” idioms and slangs.

And for international communication, native-speaker English is not the most useful model. There are studies that show that native speakers are not the most easily understood in international communication. Rather, someone with a strong, for example, Arabic accent, who speaks slowly and clearly without using difficult idioms and slangs, would be a more effective communicator.

Actually, this fact is quite clear from experience. When I first went to England, I felt it was much easier to understand my fellow overseas students from Spain, Germany and Indonesia, than English people. For starters, native speakers, especially students, don’t enunciate very well, and also tend to speak very fast. And they use lots of peculiar slangs and unfamiliar idioms that are difficult for second-language users of English to understand.

Nor is it that attaining native-likeness is desirable. How we use language reflects our identity. So the way I use English should reflect my own culture and identity, not that of an American or British. By trying to sound like a North American, you are assimilating yourself to North America, thus trying to become someone you are not. Besides, it is better nowadays not to be mistaken as an American, especially in certain countries!

In the first place, anyway, a native speaker accent is not attainable for many of us. If you didn’t start very early in your life, it is likely that you will never drop that “foreign” accent no matter how hard you try. There are theories that indicate that this is so because you want to protect your own identity unconsciously. Besides, if you are a teacher, you should already know very well how “unteachable” pronunciation is. So why waste our time trying to attain something which many specialists have already proven to be unattainable?

Speaking from my experience, excessive attention to accent also takes away due attention from grammar and vocabulary. So it is quite possible that you can speak English more fluently when you are paying less attention to pronunciation. This is definitely the case for me. So the days of using half my brain thinking how to sound British is over. The brain is for thinking some better stuff!

I studied in the UK. When I was there, I was a teenager. So, understandably, I had a lot of peer pressure to sound like other students around me. I tried very hard to sound like English young people, and I was quite successful in that attempt. In fact, many native speakers commented that my accent was native-like.

But soon after arriving in Taiwan, I realized that having a native-like accent was not always so useful. The job interviewer was a native-speaker so she rated my English highly, but the problem was that many of my students found it hard to understand me. Because I sounded differently from the way they were used to (Taiwanese students are generally exposed only to American English), some even complained to the school that my “Japanese accent” was too strong!

So I tried to drop my British accent. I started sounding like a “foreigner”, but it was very clear that people could understand me better. Not only that, I felt more confident because I no longer had to pretend to be what I was not in the first place: a native speaker of English from Britain.

My English now reflects my unusual background and who I am. Basically it is Japan English, because that’s where I first learned the language. And I became fluent in it while I was in Britain, so that explain the trace of British flavor in my English. However, most of my interlocutors coming from Taiwan and other Chinese-speaking backgrounds, I demonstrate feature of China/Taiwan English especially in syntax and lexis. Finally, I did my PhD in the Philippines, where I extensively used English in all domains of life; so definitely, my English is greatly influenced by Philippine English. (I suspect this is what makes my English easier to understand for my Taiwanese students. I picked up the rhotic “r” while in the Philippines. Not only that the Taiwanese are more used to American English, pronouncing the “r” makes it more orthographically faithful.)

Everybody can speak in more than one way. It is thoroughly natural and normal to sound differently in different situations. When I get caught up in the content and start paying less attention to accent, I notice that I sometimes switch back to my former non-rhotic accent. (Both Japan English and British English are non-rhotic, and I guess I find it more natural and easier to pronounce.) When I speak to my students or Filipinos, I notice that I immediately regain my rhotic R’s. And when I have to speak formally and pay extreme attention to speech, I suddenly start sounding British again! Another situation in which I unconsciously sound British is when I am with native speakers or my boss. I know that they look down on “foreign accents”, and that it might jeopardize my work!

So my advice is: Start sounding like yourself, not like a token native speaker.

Signs in Chinglish

First, Let me get this straight. There is a distinction between Taiwan English and Chinglish.

Taiwan English is standard English with Taiwanese characteristics. When you hear it, you can tell the person speaking is from Taiwan. At the same time, he is thoroughly understandable in international communication, even though the way he uses English may be different from that of Americans or other native speakers. This is what English users in Taiwan should be aiming at.

On the other hand, Chinglish is not understandable in international communication, often because it is simply wrong English. If you type a Chinese sentence in Google Translate, what you often get is Chinglish, because it is not understandable at all to those who don't know Chinese. Or they are just mistranslated.

Having said that, many Chinglish phrases can still be understood by those with a good command of Chinese or those who are familiar with the Taiwanese culture. For others, they can just be a good laugh. While they fail to perform the function it is meant to do, namely to let those who don't read Chinese understand what the signs say, they can at least be a good laugh! Here are some examples of those:

Rice cooked in can? I thought you meant "Rice tube pudding"...

A very important piece of information indeed. The fact that I don't have eggs propbably implies that I am not a fan...

How appetizing! And it has to be just one noodle.

All these just to say "Thanks"? Are you sure there aren't any other important facts?

So, by the time you reach the hall, your plates will be empty.

How typical!

Very helpful to know what they sell apart from rice and noodles.

My goodness! Better to keep the rule, then. But which rule?

So that's why I'm here.

Hmmm... Very inspiring.

So I don't need to pay for the coffee, right?

Just read it. No wonder I can't make my own cappucino. That's why I had to buy this cup.

Just in case you didn't know that ginseng is a good present. Really!

Looks nice, but you've got to have strong teeth to enjoy it.

Danshui? Tamshui? Tamsui!

Since I started driving, I seldom take the MRT.But recently, I had a chance to take it from Shilin to Beitou.

At the station, I noticed that the way they transliterate 淡水 has been changed to Danshui! Previsously, the MRT were using its own innovative transliteration: Tanshui. Now it has become Hanyu Pinyin, the system used in mainland China and preferred by Mr Ma Ying-Jeou, then the mayor of Taipei City.

When the central government decided to use 通用拼音 instead of Wade-Giles, they made exceptions for those place names that are already well-known overseas. Such names include Taipei, Keelung and Kaohsiung. They should actually be spelt TaiBei, JiLong and GaoXiong respectively in 通用. The latter two are major international ports, and changing the names might have caused some chaos. (Compare this with South Korea, which dared to make Pusan Busan, and to change 漢城 into 首爾.)

But what about Tamsui? It was the major port in the past, and the British Consulate in China were once located there. Therefore, it is one of the very few place names in Taiwan that appear in foreign historical texts. It seems to me to be a good idea if they have retained the old spelling.

Of course, this is a matter for the Taiwanese people themselves to decide. Taipei City opted for Hanyu Pinyin, I remember, because they thought most foreigners who learnt Chinese used Hanyu Pinyin and not Wade Giles. This may be true, but the road signs in romanised alphabet are mainly for those who have never learnt Chinese and those who don't read Chinese characters.

Therefore, the main aim of the romanised signs should be clarity. As long as the non-Chinese-readers can locate themselves and make distinctions between different streets, what romanising system should be used does not really matter. But this will work only if one system is used consistently. If, on the other hand, different systems co-exist at the same time, several different ways of spelling the same place name can exist, and this will cause a great trouble for those who fail to realise Hsinchu and XinZhu are one and the same city, 新竹.

As for me, I have no preference as to which romanising system Taiwan should adopt (although 通用's habit of capitalising letters in the middle of a word needs some getting used to). After all, no system is better than any other. But what I want the authorities to make sure is to be consistent once they decide on which one system to use. Hanyu Pinyin might not be the easiest system for foreigners to get used to; but they find it useful, not because it is better than any other system, but because it is used consistently everywhere in mainland China.